Kopireit 2002 ex Walter G. Green III e Suzanne R. McGinnis. Panto plu privilegi pa salva. Plu universita profesi-pe, recerka-pe, e stude-pe posi reproduce plu kopi; pro plu sko uti; e u kopi pro persona uti, ka ge-volu.
U INTRA-DUCE:
(1) Uno plu mal-acide diskursi pende ex, e freqe tropi a, u komuni logi, de u
mal-acide klasi sistema. Tali logi ne pende ex u klasi-sistema aplika
rekogni - panto urge service-pe logi u seismo (u deutero klasi gradu) es u
natura mal-acide (u superlativi ordina klasi-sistema gradu pa dice de in u-ci
papira).
(2) U Universita de Richmond Urge Manu Programa es evolve u refere mal-acide data
basi; ko u tem, loka, e tipo acide loka foku. U data basi evolve volu u
acide deskribe disciplina. In u procesa, ne pa detekti komuni superior
ordina alo pa es ne sati; pro u acide klasi. U-ci papira sugesti u logika
superio ordina klasi-sistema de mal-acide.
KLASI-SISTEMA:
(3) U norma verba-lista defini klasi-sistema; iso "u sistema distingui, tagma, e nomina de plu tipo grega, intra u tema" (Gove 1993, 2345). Maxi freqe klasi-sistema uti pa es in plu bio morfo klasi in u bio-logi. Kirkpatrick (1995) ma-boni u defini; inklude klasi in ge-establi grega pa funda epi u gravi mero komuni a panto grega mero-pe. Kornfeld (1997) sugesti u klasi-sistema doci historia; idio plu homo ra pusi-divide; e demonstra qo-mode ra posi es kognato in mode ne imedia evide. E Cummins (1996) adi u funktio de klasi-sistema a u-ci lista; in deskribe difere; e in provide plu klasi iso basi pro plu relati explika.
(4) Klasi-sistema pa es examina iso u instrumenta; pro u mal-acide sociali-relati-skience faktora stude. Kreps (1989a, 1989b), Quarantelli (1989), Drabek (1989), Turner (1989), e Bailey (1989) pa debate u klasi-sistema uti pro u sociali-relati-skience recerka teori face in u International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters. Anti-co, u-ci ne pa defini u klasi-sistema; relati u mal-acide de Pan American Vola 103 ad u-la de Trans World Airlines Vola 800 (u ge-circumskribe kompara) alo u exantema de proto-Krakatoa in 535 AD (Keys 1999) (u mega lati kompara). Sociali-relati-skience kalsi-sistema struktura excesi pre-kron posi es; kron es mikro lati relati harmoni inter acide.
U FLU STATO DE IDEA:
(5) U komuni existe origi examina; pa publika tem u pa dek-anua (vide Tabla 1); sugesti komuni harmoni epi nomina mo mal-acide klasi - natura mal-acide. U ge-mini-ra exmaina, de qod varia fonta ge-fixa tem u natura mal-acide, sio monstra harmoni ne es universa; de qali acide qalifi iso u natura mal-acide. Anti-co, na asume; u natura es u ge-cepti klasi.
Tabla 1. U Kompara de plu Superlativi Ordina Kategori de plu Mal-Acide
| FEMA 1990 | Hy e Waugh 1990 | Hoetmer 1991 | FEMA 1994 | Waugh 2000 | Schneid e Collins 2001 |
| Natura | Natura | Natura | Natura | Natura | Natura |
| Geo Sistema | |||||
| Homi-pa-kausa alo Teknologi (nota 1) | Homi-pa-face | Teknologi | Teknologi | Homi-pa-face (nota 2) | Homi e Natura |
| Natio Sekuri | Civili | Natio Sekuri | |||
| Ki Ex (nota 3) |
Nota: FEMA es u brevi pro u Federal Emergency Management Agency de u United States.
1. Pa inklude plu civili turba e milita..
2. Pa inklude plu ergo loka viole, teri, e civili alexi; ka homi-pa-face risko e mal-acide.
3. Pa inklude plu acide tipo; pa konsidera plu natio sekuti e teknologi, in hetero klasi skema..
Sources: Hoetmer 1991; Hy, Waugh 1990; Schneid, Collins 2001; Waugh 2000; United States 1990; United States 1994.
(6) Es u varia de doxo; iso a plu nomina de acide, seqe ab homi akti, du-inklude homi-face, u teknologi; e homi-ge-kausa. Homi-face feno volu u akti - komo na explika fali iso ge-anti a akti? Homi pa face u domi; e posi pa face u basi pro fali. Anti-co qo si fali es auxi per plu natura kausa, per materia fatiga, alo designa defekti, tali iso u Tacoma Narrows ponti, alo u Kansas City ambula via kolapse (Levy e Salvadori 1992)? Homo-co u verba teknologi ne konto pasi acide - es u no-dama landa piro; konflagra u ne kura kampu-pe; reali u exempla de teknologi? U homi sistema fali posi ofere u ma-boni mode ex du konsidera plu acide iso plu seqe de alo homi moti-in (u kampo-pe piro), alo u fali mot-in (u designa defekti), e plu procesa (u materia fatiga pro exempla). Posi plu exempla es monstra in Tabla 2.
Tabla 2. Plu Mal-Acide iso Homi Sistema Fali
| Posi Plu Moti-In |
U Procesa |
Plu Moti-Ex |
| u sema fali, plu funktio a rapidi tako, u ne-kura grega, plu mali via tena, u materia fali, plu grega agoge | plu ne-feru-via de u dina-me e plu viagia-pe karpento | u feru-via mal-acide ko plu noku, plu morta, plu gru destru, e zemia de uti |
| u ponti designa kon plu alexi mega-poli epi u ana-fluvi kosta solo, u mal-ge-signi kanali, plu mega pluvi kausa u fluvi flu ma rapidi de norma, u navi kapitana pato u ne-abili lepsi | plu navi kolide kon u ponti kausa u kolapse | plu vagona kade ad-in u fluvi ko plu noku e plu morta; via pa klude kon plu ekonomi efekti |
| u plura-do tena, plu grega agoge, u designa de kontrola-ka plura-ka, plu produce presa, defici de lokali urge du-skema, u kako du-zona, defici de u urge akti-seqe publika eduka, plu mis-ge-prepara urge service, plu meteo konditio ke auxi difusi ge-libe materia | u zemia de regula de plu risko procesa | plu imedia e longi tem morta ex libe de plu risko-ma |
Nota: Plu-ci es plu kompositi exempla. de plu sistema mero, ab plu numera de plu homo acide in varia natio a plu varia kron.
(7) Plu homi viole acide pertine qo-lo in u mal-acide seri? Es bi solve - klasi mu iso plu homi-face; alo klasi mu iso plu natio alexi menace. U natio alexi modela akorda a u inklude de civili alexi in panto-tipo urge manu. Anti-co, u natio alexi modela ne es sati in logi geno-cide alo natio ge-auxi teri pa monstra u via a anti id plu civi; plu acide u-la posi ma-boni natio alexi; alo kategori mega pusi acide, tali iso plumilita e civili ataxia, qi ne menace natio alexi.
(8) Es difere u mal-acide seqe de u homi sistema fali; de u mal-acide seqe de ataxia? Plu seqe feno es homo - u habe destru, u morta, plu loka ex demo, e u mega tem peri-lo kontamina. Plu acide seri posi feno imbrika. Pro exempla, es u teri bomba, ko mo-bi sti more, u major mal-acide de u Bhopal kemi mal-acide; qi posi pa habe cide iso 30.000 (Lapierre e Moro 2002), elementa ka es teri?
(9) La es plu diskrimina qi obvio divide plu homi sistema fali ab plu disputa ge-basi mal-acide. U elementa es fo-puta. Plu habe-pe de u South Fork barage pa ne-ski de plu posi mu akti seqe e pa feno ne kura uncaring in u po-co; anti-co id feno no-probabili; mu pa tende destru Johnstown e neka 2.000 demo (McCullough 1987). Anti-co, geno-cide, si in u German Third Reich (Weiss 1996) alo in u Rwanda (Power 2002) es obvio tende. U kontamina de landa e plu excess mega tem morta, de plu nuki proba radia, feno pa habe es plu ne-fo-puta ge-produce-ra; de u noema minus, pa kombina kon u volu inkontra u menace a u nation alexi (Fuller 1984). In kompara, plu bomba de Hiroshima e Nagasaki pa tende cide plu homi; e destru habe.
(10) U deutero diskrimina posi es u metri. Mo natura mal-acide pa habe kausa plu 500.000 alo ma morta (Longshore 1998); e Bhopal posi pa habe kausa plu 30.000 morta. Anti-co, plu tali acide freqe es efemera iso ge-anti plu teri kampania; qi posi dura pro plu dek-anua; e plu natura mal-acide posi kausa plu oligo morta in ratio a u suma demo.
PLU KONSILI:
(11) Na kredi; tri klasi deskribe u superlativi ordina mal-acide kategori pa monstra in Tabla3: u natura mal-acide, u homi sistema fali, e u disputa ge-basi mal acide.
Tabla 3. U Pa Sugesti Superlativi Ordina Klasi de plu Mal-Acide
| U Klasi | Plu Distingui Karakteri |
| Natura Mal-Acide | uno acide qi sati u defini de u mal-acide; qi plu natura dina kausa; e in qi home akti ne es u elementa kausa de plu-la dina |
| Homi Sistema Fali | uno acide qi sati u defini de u mal-acide; e qi seqe de signifi homi fali in uno mero de u acide sistema defini, klu u moti-in, u procesa, e u moti-ex - u-ci posi inklude plu acide; qi solo involve u domi peri-lo; alo komence plu acide; es hetero natura in mu akti |
| Disputa Ge-Basi Mal-Acide | uno acide qi sati u defini de u mal-acide; e qi seqe de intra disputa intra u natio; alo extra-lo disputa pa monstra u via a u natio; inklude plu milita, anti-krati, e teri menace; anti-co plus plu politika, racia, alo ekonomi ge-basi civili ataxia; plus u intra natio ge-auxi teri, geno-cide, e racia-grega puri. |
PRO TELE RECERKA:
(12) U foku de u-ci papira es epi u superlativi ordina de u mal-acide klasi-sistema; qi na pa habe name u Klasi. Anti-co, id es probabili; es minimo bi sub gradu in tali skema - in u absenti de plu ma-boni verba, Tipo e Sub-Tipo. U inter plu tipo e plu superior klasi relati ne es evide; e posi varia ex u kausa. U plus recerka in u-ci tema posi es nece.
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