Definitions

• Direct communication (e.g., face-to-face or telephonic) between individuals who are in personal contact
• Direct written communication between individuals who come into personal contact

• Receptive communication of oral or written messages
• Mediated communication via print and non-print materials
• Listener, viewer, reader works with visual or recorded materials whose creator is absent

• Productive communication using oral or written language
• Spoken or written communication for people (an audience) with whom there is no immediate personal contact or which takes place in a one-to-many mode
• Author or creator of visual or recorded material not known personally to listener

Paths

• Productive abilities: speaking writing
• Receptive abilities: listening, reading

• Primarily receptive abilities: listening, reading, viewing

• Primarily productive abilities: speaking, writing, showing

Cultural
Knowledge

• Knowledge of cultural perspectives governing interactions between individuals of different ages, statuses, backgrounds
• Ability to recognize that languages use different practices to communicate
• Ability to recognize that cultures use different patterns of interaction

• Knowledge of how cultural perspectives are embedded in products (literary and artistic)
• Knowledge of how meaning is encoded in products
• Ability to analyze content, compare it to information available in own language and assess linguistic and cultural differences
• Ability to analyze and compare content in one culture to interpret US culture

• Knowledge of cultural perspectives governing interactions between a speaker and his/her audience and a writer and his/her reader
• Ability to present crosscultural information based on background of the audience
• Ability to recognize that cultures use different patterns of interaction